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41.
Large quantities of floating macroalgae are traveling in coastal waters of the SE Pacific and in other temperate climate zones.
While afloat, these algae are potentially exposed to full solar radiation, including UVA and UVB, which can have profound
effects on their physiological and growth performance. Latitudinal variations in UV-radiation (UVR) are hypothesized to affect
floating algae differently with higher impacts at low latitudes than at high latitudes. In addition, UVR together with grazing
might accelerate the demise of floating kelps. This hypothesis was tested with outdoor laboratory experiments in which sporophytes
of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C. Agardh were exposed to a combination of different UVR regimes (PAR only, PAR + UV) and grazing at three sites along
the Chilean coast (20°S, 30°S, and 40°S). A latitudinal trend in irradiance was detected with increasing values from 40°S
to 20°S. Surprisingly, floating M. pyrifera responded with a high acclimation potential within this latitudinal UVR gradient. At 20°S, floating kelps were slightly sensitive
to UVR, which was reflected in reduced blade growth. At 30°S, physiological responses were hardly affected by the prevailing
irradiance but sporophyte growth and thus persistence mainly depended on the presence or absence of amphipod grazers. At high
latitudes, grazing had only minor impacts on algal biomass and blade growth, and kelps thrived well under all tested environmental
conditions. Overall, our results reveal that floating M. pyrifera was only slightly affected by UVR and that sporophytes can efficiently acclimate over a latitudinal UVR gradient that spans
from 20°S to 40°S. Given this high acclimation potential, we suggest that these (and possibly other) positively buoyant algae
are important dispersal agents over a wide range of temperate latitude conditions. 相似文献
42.
Stefan Zerbe Peggy Steffenhagen Karsten Parakenings Tiemo Timmermann Annett Frick Jörg Gelbrecht Dominik Zak 《Environmental management》2013,51(6):1194-1209
The restoration of ecosystem services, i.e., production, regulation, and information, is a global challenge, which the federal state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern in NE Germany addressed in 2000 by rewetting over 20,000 ha of degraded peatlands within the Mire Restoration Program. We evaluated ecosystem services in 23 rewetted sites by assessing the following mire parameters within a ten year period: (a) dominant vegetation at the ecosystem level, (b) peat formation potential at the landscape level, and (c) aboveground biomass and nutrient levels. Seven to 10 years after rewetting, the wetlands formed a mosaic of vegetation types with the highest potential for peat formation and several dominant, peat-forming species accumulated high levels of aboveground biomass and nutrients (C, N, P). Common reed (Phragmites australis) accumulated the most biomass (up to 24 t dry matter/ha), and N+P during the growing season. A future management option is to annually harvest aquatic and wetland plants to reduce nutrient levels in restored mire ecosystems. 相似文献
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Juliane Straube Jill Manteufel Janin Heinze Karsten Fehlhaber Uwe Truyen Thiemo Albert 《Food and environmental virology》2010,2(2):74-82
Since highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 emerged in 1997, avian influenza is considered one of the most important
infectious diseases globally. In respect of virus transmission to humans, the consumption of raw poultry products remains
of serious concern. In this study, data about survival time and inactivation kinetics of two low pathogenic avian influenza
virus (AIV) strains (H3N8, H5N6) in short fermented raw sausage were obtained. In addition, the impact of the preserving factors
d,l-lactic acid and sodium chloride on virus infectivity was evaluated through in vitro studies. Virus infectivity was confirmed
in embryonated chicken eggs. Inactivation of H3N8 was seen in d,l-lactic acid solutions (0.15 and 0.20%, pH 4.40–4.70 and pH 3.80–3.91) at both temperatures (20 vs. 4°C) during 3 days of
exposure. However, infectious virus particles could still be detected after exposure to 0.1% d,l-lactic acid (pH 5.80–5.99). In all NaCl solutions (2, 6 and 12% w/v), infectivity of the H3N8 strain decreased steadily but
reduction of the virus titre increased significantly with higher temperature. In raw sausages, decline in virus titre was
observed for both strains during ripening and storage. Thereby, decline of virus infectivity was dependent on time and temperature
with a more marked effect at higher temperatures (22 vs. 7°C). At refrigeration (7°C), both viruses maintained infectivity
over 14 days. Results indicate that appropriate processing of short fermented raw poultry sausage is likely to reduce risk
of virus exposure due to adequate inactivation of AIV during ripening and storage. 相似文献
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45.
Global assessment of the non-equilibrium concept in rangelands 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The non-equilibrium concept of rangeland dynamics predicts that the potential for grazing-induced degradation is low in rangelands with relatively variable precipitation. To date, evidence in support of the non-equilibrium concept has been inconsistent. Using a standardized protocol, including a newly developed global map of rainfall variability, we reviewed the incidence of degradation in relation to rainfall variability across 58 published studies. We distinguished between (1) zonal degradation (i.e., degradation independent of water and key resources), (2) degradation in the presence of key resources, and (3) degradation in the presence of water. For studies not affected by proximity to permanent water or key resources, we found strong support for the non-equilibrium concept for rangelands. Zonal degradation was absent at CV (coefficient of variation) values above 33%, which has been proposed as a critical threshold. Grazing degradation was almost entirely restricted to areas with relatively stable annual precipitation as expressed by a low CV, or to rangelands with key resources or water points nearby. To better understand rangeland dynamics, we recommend that future studies use globally comparable measures of degradation and rainfall variability. Our work underlines that rangelands with relatively stable rainfall patterns, and those with access to water or key resources, are potentially vulnerable to degradation. Grazing management in such areas should incorporate strategic rest periods. Such rest periods effectively mimic natural fluctuations in herbivore populations, which are a defining characteristic of non-degraded rangelands occurring under highly variable precipitation regimes. 相似文献
46.
Karsten E. Braun Burkhard Schmidt 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2017,52(2):122-130
The fate of 14C-labeled herbicide prosulfocarb was studied in an agricultural soil and in a sediment-water system, the sediment part of which was derived from Yangtze Three Gorges Reservoir, China. Time-course studies were performed for 28 d and 49 d, respectively. Main transformation routes of 14C-prosulfocarb were mineralization to 14CO2 and formation of nonextractable residues amounting to 12.13% and 10.43%, respectively, after 28 days (soil), and 9.40% and 11.98%, respectively, after 49 d (sediment-water system). Traces of prosulfocarbsulfoxide were detected by means of TLC, HPLC, and LC-MS; other transformation products were not found. Initial extraction of soil assays using 0.01 M CaCl2 solution showed that the bioavailability of the herbicide was considerably low; immediately after application (0.1 d of incubation), only 4.78% of applied radioactivity were detected in this aqueous fraction. DT50 values of 14C-prosulfocarb estimated from radio-TLC and -HPLC analyses were above 28 d in soil and ranged between 29 d and 49 d in the sediment-water system. Partitioning of 14C from water to sediment phase occurred with DT50 slightly above 2 d. With regard to the sediment-water system, adsorption occurred with log Koc = 1.38 (calculated from 2 day assays) and 2.35 (49 d assays). As similarly estimated from portions of 14C found in CaCl2 extracts of the 0.1 d assays, 14C-prosulfocarb's log Koc in soil was 2.96. With both experiments, similar portions of nonextractable radioactivity were associated with all soil organic matter fractions, i.e. nonhumics, fulvic acids, humic acids, and humin/minerals. Throughout all sample preparation, the experiments were severely impaired by losses of radioactivity especially with concentration of samples containing water in vacuo. All findings pointed to volatility of parent prosulfocarb in presence of water rather than volatility of transformation products. According to literature data, this behavior of prosulfocarb was not expected, though volatility was demonstrated under field conditions. 相似文献
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A laboratory bench procedure was developed to efficiently extract naphthenic acids from bulk volumes of Athabasca oil sands tailings pond water (TPW) for use in mammalian oral toxicity testing. This solvent-based procedure involved low solvent losses and a good extraction yield with low levels of impurities. Importantly, labour-intensive centrifugation of source water to remove solids was avoided, allowing processing of much larger volumes of water compared with previous protocols. Naphthenic acids, present at an estimated concentration of 81 mg/l, were procured from 515.5 l of TPW at an overall extraction efficiency of approximately 85%. By using distillation to recover and recycle solvent, a high solvent:water ratio was maintained while actual solvent consumption was limited to 70 ml per liter of water processed. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry suggested a highly heterogeneous naphthenic acid mixture that exhibited nearly identical proportions of monocyclic, polycyclic, and acyclic acids with molecular weights primarily between 220 and 360. Biphenyls, naphthalenes, and phenanthrene/anthracene were the most prominent impurities detected, but their levels were low (< or = 13 microg/l) even in a concentrated solution of the naphthenic acids (8549 mg/l). Naphthenic acids stored at 4 degrees C at this concentration were stable, exhibiting no significant change in concentration over a 10-month period. This bulk isolation procedure should be useful to others needing to process large volumes of tailings or other source water for the purpose of procuring moderate amounts of naphthenic acids. 相似文献